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I'm wondering if you can help me understand some doubts I have as I don't trust Wikipedia. Also I know you can't talk for every Muslim but I'm sure your answers will be well supported.

As I understand the concept of People of the Book whose religions are according to Islam founded by true prophets of God it is true that:

Are Zoroastrians considered "dhimi" or this is just an internet myth?

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  • The same laws of Dhimma and marriage apply to trinitarian Christians as unitarians. As for the last question Muslim men can only marry Jews and Christians, no one else even if they are Dhimmis.
    – UmH
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 2:16
  • That's very interesting thanks
    – Daniel
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 2:25
  • Your post is currently a collection of distinct questions which is not suited for the site. Please focus it on one question and ask the others in separate threads.
    – UmH
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:11
  • I think two of the questions were answer, but I will make new post for the two remaining ones
    – Daniel
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:18
  • As I said you need to ask one question per post. I have removed the second one and you can see islam.stackexchange.com/questions/23497
    – UmH
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:22

2 Answers 2

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Dhimmi is a category of non-muslim who has agreed to pay jizya and follow Islamic laws, except for certain purely religious matters such as practicing their own religion in private and consumption of wine etc.

Not all non-muslims are dhimmis, rather they must fulfill two conditions:

  • they must be followers of a religion who is allowed to be dhimmi according to Islamic law.
  • they must agree to become dhimmi by surrendering to Islamic rule and following the treaty that they have made. If they have not made a treaty they are not dhimmi and if their treaty is violated then they no longer remain dhimmis.

Whether or not a follower of some religion can be Dhimmis depends on the scope of the verses and ahadith:

فاقتلوا المشركين حيث وجدتموهم ... فإن تابوا وأقاموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة فخلوا سبيلهم

Kill the polytheists wherever you find them ... But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way.

Quran 9:5

قاتلوا الذين لا يؤمنون بالله ولا باليوم الآخر ولا يحرمون ما حرم الله ورسوله ولا يدينون دين الحق من الذين أوتوا الكتاب حتى يعطوا الجزية عن يد وهم صاغرون

Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.

Quran 9:29

فأمرنا نبينا رسول ربنا صلى الله عليه وسلم أن نقاتلكم حتى تعبدوا الله وحده أو تؤدوا الجزية

Our Prophet, the Messenger of our Lord, has ordered us to fight you till you worship Allah Alone or give Jizyah (i.e. tribute)

Bukhari

As the first verse only allows for two choices: accept Islam or be fought.

Whereas the second verse and hadith allows for a third choice: pay jizya.

As for Zoroastrians, there is disagreement on whether they are People of the Book. Most of the Ahl al-Sunnah do not consider them to be People of the Book, however they do allow for them to be Dhimmis. The reason being:

  • There is a chance that they could have been people of the book at some point in time

  • 9:29 can be interpreted to include those who do not believe even if they are not people of the book

  • The sunnah proves that can be made dhimmis:

    أخذ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم الجزية من مجوس البحرين وأخذها عمر من فارس وأخذها عثمان من الفرس

    The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) took the Jizyah from the Zoroastrians of Bahrain, and 'Umar took it in Persia, and 'Uthman took it from the Persians.

    Jami at-Tirmidhi, Bukhari


Ref:

اتفق الفقهاء على جواز عقد الذمة لأهل الكتاب والمجوس، كما اتفقوا على عدم جوازه للمرتد. أما فيما عدا ذلك فقد اختلفوا

The jurists are agreed that it is permitted to make a pact of Dhimma with the People of the Book and the Zoroastrians and they are also agreed that it is not permitted to make it with an apostate. As for those other than them there is disagreement on it.

Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah

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Dimmis are all non-muslims in a Islamic state, who accept the rule. Wealty non-muslims are required to pay a token amount as Jizya, which is meant to show that they accept the rule(Muslims are required to pay zakath, which dimmis do not have to pay)

Some scholars say it is not right to accept Jizya from polytheists but it is against what prophet(s.a) taught us. https://sunnah.com/muslim/32/3

So if polytheists are excluded from Jizya, it creates lot of problem as they have only option to convert to Islam or leave the country. This is in effect forcing them to accept Islam, which goes against lot of Quranic verses that say there is no compulsion in religion. Quran 2:256, Quran 10:99 etc.

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    Interesting thank you. So for what I get then marriage is only allow (for Muslim men) to Jews and Christians women, in everything else all non-Muslims are dhimmis if they pay jizya.
    – Daniel
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 2:27
  • @Daniel Rather a Dhimmi is one who agreed to pay jizya, follows most Islamic laws and has surrendered to Islamic rule and follows the treaty that they have made. If they have not made a treaty they are not dhimmi and if their treaty is violated then they no longer remain dhimmis. Similarly not all non-muslims can be dhimmis according to various schools of thoughts.
    – UmH
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:15
  • How would that work on a modern context? Do international conventions (like the UN human rights convention,which several muslim countries are signatories) or peace treaties between states (let say one between and islamic country and one that is not, like India or Israel) will count?
    – Daniel
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:17
  • No a peace treaty is not a treaty of Dhimma. Being dhimmi requires being under Islamic rule and payment of jizya to the Muslims.
    – UmH
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:18
  • Alright then who would make the treaty for them? Is it negotiated with the representatives of the community in question?
    – Daniel
    Commented Nov 22, 2023 at 3:25

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