- As per 9:5, Jihad is warranted against all Mushrikin (except Daar al-'Ahd)
- As per 9:7, It is said that only Mu'ahadat made at al-Masjid al-Haram are valid
- As per 9:28, Mushrikin are not allowed to come near al-Masjid al-Haram

Mushrikin includes all non-Muslims, but Ahl al-Kitab has the option of paying Jizya to become Ahl al-Dhimma as per 9:29. But that doesn't explain formation of a Mu'ahadah to become Daar al-'Ahd.

As per Tafsir Ibn Kathir on 9:6, the Ahl al-Harb are allowed to come in to Daar al-Islam as Musta'min to make Mu'ahadat with the Muslims. 

> In summary, those who come from a land at war with Muslims to the area of Islam, delivering a message, for business transactions, **to negotiate a peace treaty**, to pay the Jizyah, to offer an end to hostilities, and so forth, and request safe passage from Muslim leaders or their deputies, should be granted safe passage, as long as they remain in Muslim areas, until they go back to their land and sanctuary.

How is this possible if al-Masjid al-Haram is off limits?

As per the Tafsir Tazkirul Quran by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, no further treaty was signed with the Ahl al-'Ahd (Banu Kinana, Banu Khuza’a, Banu Dhamra) after the expiry of their treaties. That seems about right.

So, are Muslims not violating the Islamic Ahkam by having Mu'ahadat signed with Mushirikin? That too, being not in fixed terms. What are the views on the matter by the Madhaahib? Is this only done strategically and by breach of Ahkam for the greater purpose of calling more people to Islam?