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Narrated Anas bin Malik: A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet (ﷺ) who ate from it. She was brought to the Prophet and he was asked, "Shall we kill her?" He said, "No." I continued to see the effect of the poison on the palate of the mouth of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) .
Sahih al-Bukhari 2617
Why didn't Muhammad execute her? What was her punishment for trying to poison Muhammad?
The punishment for such an act would be execution at the discretion of the Prophet ﷺ, just as the behavior of the Sahaba and the Prophet ﷺ in this incident demonstrates.
In this instance the Prophet ﷺ forgave her, as one is free to forgive injuries against his own person. One tradition suggests that she was forgiven because she accepted Islam although this is disputed.
Also note that she was eventually killed in Qisas after Bishar ibn al-Bara' died from eating the same poisoned sheep:
فأمر بها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقتلت
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) then ordered regarding her and she was killed.
