What is the source of the hadith that the Prophet ﷺ shall be an opponent to one who harms non-muslim citizens?

Question

Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said: “Whoever harms a non-Muslim citizen, I will be his enemy on the Day of Resurrection.”

I just want to ask what is the source of this hadith Bukhari , muslim or something else

Answer 1

The closest hadith to this wording IMO is:

من آذى ذميا فأنا خصمه، ومن كنت خصمه خصمته يوم القيامة

Whoever hurts a Dhimmi, I shall be his opponent, and whosoever I oppose will be defeated on the Day of Judgement. (paraphrased)

^{— Taareekh Baghdaad}

This is not from Bukhari or Muslim, and it is weak and has been classed as fabricated as well. However the main lesson it conveys is correct: that it is not permissible to harm a Dhimmi (obviously except by legal rights). Corroboration of this may be found in authentic ahadith:

من قتل معاهدا لم يرح رائحة الجنة، وإن ريحها توجد من مسيرة أربعين عاما

Whoever killed a person having a treaty with the Muslims, shall not smell the smell of Paradise though its smell is perceived from a distance of forty years.

^{— Bukhari}

ألا من ظلم معاهدا أو انتقصه أو كلفه فوق طاقته أو أخذ منه شيئا بغير طيب نفس فأنا حجيجه يوم القيامة

If anyone wrongs a Mu'ahid, detracts from his rights, burdens him with more work than he is able to do, or takes something from him without his consent, I will plead for him (the Mu'ahid) on the Day of Resurrection.

^{— Abu Dawud}

Ref: Maqaasid al-Hasanah, islamweb.

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Definitions:

A Dhimmi is a non-muslim who agrees to pay Jizya and be under Islamic rule.

A Mu'ahid is a non-muslim who has a peace treaty with the Muslims. And in ahadith it is often used to refer to the Dhimmis. From Lisan al-‘Arab: المعاهد: من كان بينك وبينه عهد، وأكثر ما يطلق في الحديث على أهل الذمة