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I cannot quote a source now, but I once heard a story, where some son (or perhaps grandson) of Adam was asking him something like, “O father, why did you have to eat that fruit! We wouldn't be here now!” And the answer was something to the effect of, “I would have never thought that someone would swear by the name of Allah, and lie!”
Is this some narration perhaps from Jewish culture, or is it mentioned in hadith literature?
Not the exact words, but the meaning has been narrated in the exegesis of the verse:
وقاسمهما إني لكما لمن الناصحين فدلاهما بغرور
And he swore [by Allah ] to them, "Indeed, I am to you from among the sincere advisors." So he made them fall, through deception.
عن السدي: ألم أنهكما عن تلكما الشجرة قال آدم: رب إنه حلف لي بك، ولم أكن أظنك أن أحدا من خلقك يحلف بك إلا صادقا
As-Suddi narrated: ... Adam said: O Lord! He swore by You, and I did not think that anyone from your creation would swear by you except the truth.
عن ابن عباس، قال: ... ولكن وعزتك ما حسبت أن أحدا يحلف بك كاذبا (Tabari)
قال ابن عباس: غرهما باليمين، وكان آدم لا يظن أن أحدا يحلف بالله كاذبا
Ibn Abbas said: He deceived him by his oath, and Adam did not think that anyone would swear falsely by Allah.
— Tafsir al-Tabari, Zad al-masir , Tafsir al-Razi, Tafsir al-Qurtubi etc.
It is not a hadith from the Prophet ﷺ, although it may be possible that they received it from the Prophet or from Israelite traditions.
