Are there any Qur'anic verses that address atheists?

Question

The Qur'an contains many verses that are either addressed to or intended for various categories of people.

Some examples:

• Mankind in general

  يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمْ  إِنَّ زَلْزَلَةَ السَّاعَةِ شَيْءٌ عَظِيمٌ

  O mankind! Fear your Lord and be dutiful to Him! Verily, the earthquake of the Hour (of Judgement) is a terrible thing.
  Al-Hajj:1

• Jews

  قُلْ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ هَادُوا إِن زَعَمْتُمْ أَنَّكُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ لِلَّـهِ مِن دُونِ النَّاسِ فَتَمَنَّوُا الْمَوْتَ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

  Say (O Muhammad ﷺ): "O you Jews! If you pretend that you are friends of Allah, to the exclusion of (all) other mankind, then long for death if you are truthful."
  Al-Jumu'ah:6

• Christians

  يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَا تَغْلُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ وَلَا تَقُولُوا عَلَى اللَّـهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ  إِنَّمَا الْمَسِيحُ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّـهِ وَكَلِمَتُهُ أَلْقَاهَا إِلَىٰ مَرْيَمَ وَرُوحٌ مِّنْهُ  فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّـهِ وَرُسُلِهِ  وَلَا تَقُولُوا ثَلَاثَةٌ
  O People of the Scripture, do not commit excess in your religion or say about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, was but a messenger of Allah and His word which He directed to Mary and a soul [created at a command] from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers. And do not say, "Three"
  An-Nisaa:171

• Polytheists

  وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّـهُ  قُلْ أَفَرَأَيْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّـهِ إِنْ أَرَادَنِيَ اللَّـهُ بِضُرٍّ هَلْ هُنَّ كَاشِفَاتُ ضُرِّهِ أَوْ أَرَادَنِي بِرَحْمَةٍ هَلْ هُنَّ مُمْسِكَاتُ رَحْمَتِهِ  قُلْ حَسْبِيَ اللَّـهُ  عَلَيْهِ يَتَوَكَّلُ الْمُتَوَكِّلُونَ

  And verily, if you ask them: "Who created the heavens and the earth?" Surely, they will say: "Allah (has created them)." Say: "Tell me then, the things that you invoke besides Allah, if Allah intended some harm for me, could they remove His harm, or if He (Allah) intended some mercy for me, could they withhold His Mercy?" Say: "Sufficient for me is Allah; in Him those who trust (i.e. believers) must put their trust."

  Az-Zumar:38

• Believers

  يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اسْتَعِينُوا بِالصَّبْرِ وَالصَّلَاةِ  إِنَّ اللَّـهَ مَعَ الصَّابِرِينَ

  O you who believe! Seek help in patience and As-Salat (the prayer). Truly! Allah is with As-Sabirin (the patient ones).
  Al-Baqarah:153

Which brings about an interesting question:

Do any Qur'anic verses address atheists - those who deny the existence of a Divine Being?

Answer 1

There are verses that could be interpreted to address people not believing in God (i.e atheists). But, we can't be too certain about that because, the people (or polytheists) the verses was reveled too somehow believed in a god, but their beliefs where rather incomplete. With other words, they believed in Allah, the Creator, as you quoted:

And verily, if you ask them: "Who created the heavens and the earth?" Surely, they will say: "Allah (has created them)."

But yet, they did not believe in other things as in the resurrection of the dead, which is mentioned many times in the Quran; "shall we be ressurected after we have become bones?" or:

أَإِذَا مِتْنَا وَكُنَّا تُرَابًا ۖ ذَٰلِكَ رَجْعٌ بَعِيدٌ
When we are dead and have become dust (shall we be brought back again)? That would be a far return!

---

Anyway, some verses that addressed the polytheist, could be argued to also address atheists:

أَمْ خُلِقُوا مِنْ غَيْرِ شَيْءٍ أَمْ هُمُ الْخَالِقُونَ
Were they created of nothing, or were they themselves the creators?
- Surat At-Tur, verse 35

And:

كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَكُنتُمْ أَمْوَاتًا فَأَحْيَاكُمْ ۖ ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ
How do you deny Allah and you were dead and He gave you life? Again He will cause you to die and again bring you to life; then you shall be brought back to Him.
- Surat Al Baqarah, 28

Conclusion
You could of course quote the verses and address atheists with them. But to say they were revealed explicitly to atheists can't be proven. Maybe one have to define what one means with the word atheist then. I have yet not received an answer for my question "Did the Prophet meet any atheists?", and considering the time and place the prophet (PBUH) lived in, the odds are pretty low.

Therefore I also think the odds are low that these verses addressed atheists. But that doesn't mean one cannot use the same argument when talking with an atheist, for instance; "how comes you don't believe in God when you didn't exist a while ago, but now you do and so on...!", i.e 2:28...

Answer 2

Atheists in Quran

69:33 For he did not believe in God, the Great.

4:38 And those who spend their money to show off to the people, and they do not believe in God or the Last Day. And whoever has the devil as his associate, then what a miserable associate!

9:45 Those who ask leave are the ones who do not believe in God and the Last Day, and their hearts are in doubt. In their doubts they are wavering.

52:35 Or were they created from nothing? Or was it they who created?

Answer 3

Atheist are what Qur'an refers to as کافر. It's very literal meaning is one who conceals.

In Islam people are either mo'men, mustaz'af (someone who the truth hasn't been revealed to) or kafir (someone who has seen the truth e.g. has seen a miracle but still doesn't want to believe). All three have different levels e.g. a normal Muslim is a believer so is the prophet.

For what's it's worth atheist and kafir are very similar but not exactly the same thing.

Atheist: someone who doesn't believe in God.

• Some atheists will become believers as soon as they see the truth. <-- This is a mustaz'af but also an atheist
• Yet some even after seeing the truth will not want to become believers < This is a to be kaffir but also an atheist
• Some who has seen the truth and is concealed it because he simply doesn't want to obey/worship Allah.

Most verses of Qur'an address the kaffir kind of atheist, not the mustaz'af kind

So to specifically answer your question, almost any verse that contains کافر/ کافرون / یکفرون / کفر is your answer.