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I would like to know about the justifications for khums as understood by Shi'a scholars. Their definition doesn't seem to appear in Quran, so I am wondering where it comes from. In particular, do we know if the Prophet or Ali (PBUT) collected khums (in this sense) or said anything about it?
I am only interested in the views of Shi'a scholars and hadith accepted by them. Please cite name of the scholar(s) who have expressed the opinion and cite references when possible.
The most important verse in Qur'an which is the basis of decisions about Khums -خمس- (i.e.: 1/5) is this verse: 8:41
وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُم مِّن شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّـهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّ‌سُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْ‌بَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ إِن كُنتُمْ آمَنتُم بِاللَّـهِ وَمَا أَنزَلْنَا عَلَىٰ عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْ‌قَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ ۗ وَاللَّـهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ
And know that whatsoever ye obtain of spoils then verily unto Allah belongeth a fifth thereof and unto the apostle and unto his kindreds and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer if ye indeed have believed in Allah and that which We sent down on our bondmans on the day of distinction, the day whereon the two hosts met. And Allah is over everything Potent
The word غنمتم means what you obtain. But Shia say it is about spoil. They say Spoil is a name of any money that the person will make from 7 things:
Although this verse is exactly about the Booty, but the Arab literature scholars say the word غنیمة is a name of all the money that people gather, unless the money that the people gifted.
[Reference 1]
And also there is a Hadith from Imam Javad (A.S.) which shows that the Ahlul bayt believe that the Khums belongs to every money that the human makes from those seven ways.
الامام جواد علیه السلام: : « فاما الغنائم و الفوائد فهى واجبه عليهم فى كل عام قال الله تعالى : و اعلموا انما غنمتم من شىء فان لله خمسه . . . »
Which brings الفوائد close to الغنائم which shows that he believes the money making is equal to booty.
There are some other Hadiths which show that just believers pay Khums and the Khums can clean the money from Haram. Look at this Hadith:
الامام رضا علیه السلام:
« اِنَّ اِخْراجَهُ ( خمس ) مِفْتاحُ رِزْقِكُم و تَمْحيصُ ذُنُوبِكُم »
Paying Khums is a key to expand the wealth and forgiveness of sins.
[Reference 2]
