Comparing the passage in Surat Ya Sin 36:13-32 comparing with the report on the acts of the Apostles written by Luke, as a complement to the answer from Medi1Saif (read this before).

The first mismatch pointed out by Ibn Kathir is only between the prior tafsir and the Quran

The first is that if we take this story at face value, it indicates that these men were Messengers from Allah, may He be glorified, not from the Messiah, peace be upon him.

In fact, also according to Luke, the Apostles were not sent by Jesus ﷺ but rather guided by the Holy Spirit (Jibril) as the messenger of God.

The second is that the people of Antioch did believe in the messengers sent by the Messiah to them.

This is also backed by Luke; there is no conflict reported from Antioch of Syria (today Antakya in Hatay, Turkey).

The similarities that have led prior Tafsir writers to associate Ya Sin 36:13-32 with Paul in Antiochia do not refer to Antioch of Syria but rather to what happened in Antioch of Psidia (today Yalvaç in Isparta, Turkey). Let us read both passages in full length; I have put similarities in bold and divergences in italic:

Surat Ya Sin 36:13-32

And cite for them the parable of the landlords of the town—when the messengers came to it. We sent them two messengers, but they denied them both, so We reinforced them with a third. They said, “We are messengers to you.” They said, “You are nothing but humans like us, and the Gracious did not send down anything; you are only lying.” They said, “Our Lord knows that we are messengers to you. And our only duty is clear communication.” They said, “We see an evil omen in you; if you do not give up, we will stone you, and a painful punishment from us will befall you.” They said, “Your evil omen is upon you. Is it because you were reminded? But you are an extravagant people.” Then a man came running from the remotest part of the city. He said, “O my people, follow the messengers. Follow those who ask you of no wage, and are themselves guided “And why should I not worship Him Who created me, and to Whom you will be returned? Shall I take other gods instead of Him? If the Merciful desires harm for me, their intercession will not avail me at all, nor will they save me. In that case, I would be completely lost. I have believed in your Lord, so listen to me.” It was said, “Enter Paradise.” He said, “If only my people knew. How my Lord has forgiven me, and made me one of the honoured.” After him, We sent down no hosts from heaven to his people; nor would We ever send any down. It was just one Cry, and they were extinguished. Alas for the servants. No messenger ever came to them, but they ridiculed him. Have they not considered how many generations We destroyed before them; and that unto them they will not return? All of them, every single one of them, will be arraigned before Us.

Acts 11:23-28

Now Paul and his company set sail from Paphos, and came to Perga in Pamphyl'ia. And John left them and returned to Jerusalem; but they passed on from Perga and came to Antioch of Pisid'ia. And on the sabbath day they went into the synagogue and sat down. After the reading of the law and the prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent to them, saying, "Brethren, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, say it." So Paul stood up, and motioning with his hand said: "Men of Israel, and you that fear God, listen. The God of this people Israel chose our fathers and made the people great during their stay in the land of Egypt, and with uplifted arm he led them out of it. And for about forty years he bore with them in the wilderness. And when he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, he gave them their land as an inheritance, for about four hundred and fifty years. And after that he gave them judges until Samuel the prophet. Then they asked for a king; and God gave them Saul the son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years. And when he had removed him, he raised up David to be their king; of whom he testified and said, «I have found in David the son of Jesse a man after my heart, who will do all my will.» Of this man's posterity God has brought to Israel a Saviour, Jesus, as he promised. Before his coming John had preached a baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. And as John was finishing his course, he said, «What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. No, but after me one is coming, the sandals of whose feet I am not worthy to untie.» "Brethren, sons of the family of Abraham, and those among you that fear God, to us has been sent the message of this salvation. For those who live in Jerusalem and their rulers, because they did not recognize him nor understand the utterances of the prophets which are read every sabbath, fulfilled these by condemning him. Though they could charge him with nothing deserving death, yet they asked Pilate to have him killed. And when they had fulfilled all that was written of him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a tomb. But God raised him from the dead; and for many days he appeared to those who came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are now his witnesses to the people. And we bring you the good news that what God promised to the fathers, this he has fulfilled to us their children by raising Jesus; as also it is written in the second psalm, «Thou art my Son, today I have begotten thee.» And as for the fact that he raised him from the dead, no more to return to corruption, he spoke in this way, «I will give you the holy and sure blessings of David.» Therefore he says also in another psalm, «Thou wilt not let thy Holy One see corruption.» For David, after he had served the counsel of God in his own generation, fell asleep, and was laid with his fathers, and saw corruption; but he whom God raised up saw no corruption. Let it be known to you therefore, brethren, that through this man forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you, and by him every one that believes is freed from everything from which you could not be freed by the law of Moses. Beware, therefore, lest there come upon you what is said in the prophets: «Behold, you scoffers, and wonder, and perish; for I do a deed in your days, a deed you will never believe, if one declares it to you.»" As they went out, the people begged that these things might be told them the next sabbath. And when the meeting of the synagogue broke up, many Jews and devout converts to Judaism followed Paul and Barnabas, who spoke to them and urged them to continue in the grace of God. The next sabbath almost the whole city gathered together to hear the word of God. But when the Jews saw the multitudes, they were filled with jealousy, and contradicted what was spoken by Paul, and reviled him. And Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, "It was necessary that the word of God should be spoken first to you. Since you thrust it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold, we turn to the Gentiles. For so the Lord has commanded us, saying, `I have set you to be a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth.'" And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad and glorified the word of God; and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed. And the word of the Lord spread throughout all the region. But the Jews incited the devout women of high standing and the leading men of the city, and stirred up persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and drove them out of their district. But they shook off the dust from their feet against them, and went to Iconium.

Two apostles came (Paul and Barnabas). A third one coming is not mentioned, but a multitude of followers. Some Jews followed them, others contradicted him. The words and details of the conflict not reported in the Acts but might have been the same as in the Quran. The best correspondence is the text:

He said, “If only my people knew. How my Lord has forgiven me, and made me one of the honoured.” After him, We sent down no hosts from heaven to his people; nor would We ever send any down.

corresponding to Paul, who was first prosecuting the Christians but called in a vision to serve God in the case of Jesus, and the passage from the acts:

And Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, "It was necessary that the word of God should be spoken first to you. Since you thrust it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold, we turn to the Gentiles. For so the Lord has commanded us, saying, «I have set you to be a light for the Gentiles, that you may bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth.»"

The following sentences:

It was just one shout, and they were extinguished. Alas for the servants. No messenger ever came to them, but they ridiculed him. Have they not considered how many generations We destroyed before them; and that unto them they will not return? All of them, every single one of them, will be arraigned before Us.

does not fit well - as Ibn Kathir had also pointed out - because it is not reported that the people who rejected Jesus were extinguished, ad the Jews in general wree not extinguished at all. It is only mentioned that Paul admonished them, saying

Beware, therefore, lest there come upon you what is said in the prophets: «Behold, you scoffers, and wonder, and perish; for I do a deed in your days, a deed you will never believe, if one declares it to you.»"

I have no information on the fate of the non-Christian Jewish community in Antiochia of Psidia. The city itself was destroyed in 713 by the Umayyad prince al-Abbas ibn al-Walid but this struck the essentially Christian community (maybye including a remains of the Jewish community).

So what? Is Surat Ya Sin 36:13-32 referring to Paul and Barnabas in Antiochia of Psidia?

A «yes» is not evident or compulsory, however not fully out of scope. A «no» could be safely affirmed only if another history, as the expression «cite for them the parable of the landlords of the town» clearly indicates that this refers to a story of ancient times.

So I have to close my answer with the question: What other story may this passage refer to?