What is the islamic view on taxation?

Question

Is raising taxes by the leaders of an Islamic state allowed? If a person will not voluntarily pay these taxes: may force be used to collect them (like in almost any state today)?

In my opinion "taxes" is just a nicer word for "theft" by the leaders and we all know that theft is considered a very bad thing in Islam, while, as far as I know, personal property and the possibility to have the fruits of one's labor are held high.

I know that there is at least one type of tax which is allowed: the Jizyah non-Muslims have to pay.

What about the Zakat? Is it collected by the state (possibly using force), or is it the Muslims' own responsibility to pay it?

Edit: Maybe I should try to clarify my question a little bit: In my opinion taxation is an infringement of personal property, which is protected by Islam. Is their any islamic evidence, that taxation, as it is common in almost all modern countries, is nonetheless allowed?

Answer 1

In islam we are advised to listen to the rule of the land unless we are told to carry out a sin. Taxes would count as laws or rules that the government has placed on us. The reason for this is because the people of the country and and the ruler have an agreement with eachother and by disobeying these laws you will be breaking this agreement, which muslims are not allowed to do.

Sayyiduna Abd Allah ibn Umar (Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) said: “It is necessary upon a Muslim to listen to and obey the ruler, as long as one is not ordered to carry out a sin. If he is commanded to commit a sin, then there is no adherence and obedience.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 2796 & Sunan Tirmidhi)

And fulfill the covenant of Allah when you have taken it, [O believers], and do not break oaths after their confirmation while you have made Allah , over you, a witness. Indeed, Allah knows what you do.16:91

Sayyiduna Abd Allah ibn Amr (Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) said: “Four traits, if found in an individual, then he will be a complete hypocrite (munafiq), and if an individual possesses one of these four, he will have one portion of nifaq: When he is given a trust he breaches it, when he speaks he leis, when he makes an agreement (ahd) he is guilty of treachery and disloyalty (gadar), and when he disputes he is fouled mouth.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 34)

both quran and hadith warn us to keep true to our promises. The hadith above states that by breaking an agreement and becoming disloyal to somone your are a hypocrite or munafiq

Although we must pay taxes, and it isnt haram for us to pay them, it would be haram of the government to forcibly take the money from us.

Safwan ibn Sulaym narrates from a number of Companions of the Messenger of Allah (Allah be pleased with them all) on the authority of their fathers who were relatives of each other, that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) said: “Beware, if anyone oppresses (or wrongs) the one with whom one has a agreement (mu’ahid), or diminishes his right, or forces him to work beyond his capacity, or takes from him anything without his consent, I shall plead for him on the Day of Judgment.” (Sunan Abu Dawud, no. 3047

the above hadith applies to both sides, the ruler and the resident.So in conclusion, we must pay taxes if they are the rule of the land we reside in, but it is haram for them to forcibly take the money from us.

Answer 2

Sunni point of view:

Zakat is the third pillar in Islam, it is obligatory for each Muslim to calculate his zakat and pay it in the correct timing. Skipping the paying of Zakat money is like skipping praying, you will receive punishment in judgment day.

There are eight categories of people (asnaf) who qualify to receive zakat funds, according to the Quran:

1- Those living in absolute poverty (Al-Fuqarā')
2- Those who were restrained because they cannot meet their basic needs (Al-Masākīn)
3- The zakat collectors themselves (Al-Āmilīna 'Alaihā)
4- Non-Muslims who are sympathetic to Islam or wish to convert to Islam.(Al-Mu'allafatu Qulūbuhum)
5- People whom one is attempting to free from slavery or bondage. Also includes paying ransom or blood money (Diyya). (Fir-Riqāb)
6- Those who have incurred overwhelming debts while attempting to satisfy their basic needs (Al-Ghārimīn)
7- Those working in God's way (Fī Sabīlillāh)
8- Children of the street / Travellers (Ibnus-Sabīl)

As you can notice, it is totally different from ways to spend taxes money (public service salaries, roads, public hospitals/schools, ...) .

Since taxes are mandatory by law. Note that law (and constitution) is the contract between citizens. Fulfilling all your contracts are obligatory in Islam.

Source

Answer 3

the tax governments collect is different of Zakat (religious tax). tax is for costs of government but Zakat is for poor Muslims and other usages.

in Islam no Muslim should be forces for paying Zakat. but governments may use force for collecting tax.