It basically means "Prayers" or "Many Prayers"
The meaning may differ from one context to another, but it basically means "he supplicates/makes dua for us".
It basically means "They ask, pray for blessings on the Prophet".
It basically means "Prayers".
IT basically is Asking for us to pray
"and pray for/on them"
I am unsure of what the word is whether صلاح or صلاة , but from the pattern in your questions I assume it would be the second, and basically means "Prayer" and also refers to the five Daily Prayers
Same as above, the "T" indicates Taa' Marboota (التاء المربوطة) in the Arabic form of the word, and the above the "H" is how sometimes it is pronounced in certain contexts.
I Pray I translated them all accurately, it is quote hard trying to translate from transliteration, it is better to translate seeing the actual word.