The other users have almost all said something about the event that you have addressed inside the quoted paragraph in your question, The Jewish woman and poisoned meat. Shia Muslims have also told the same story but the details are rather different, and as it is directly related to your question (if the Jewish woman poisoned the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- or not) let me quote a Hadeeth from the Ahlul Bayt --peace be upon them-- that clarifies that story completely:
from: التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام العسكري، صفحه 177-179
Also you can find it in: البحار، جلد 17، صفحه 317 ضمن ح 15 and in:
مستدرك الوسائل، 3جلد، صفحه 84، ح 10 و صفحه 8 ح 1 - قطعة
[حديث تكلم الذراع المسمومة مع النبي ص:]
فإن رسول الله ص لما رجع من خيبر إلى المدينة و قد فتح الله له جاءته
امرأة من اليهود قد أظهرت الإيمان، و معها ذراع مسمومة مشوية فوضعتها بين
يديه، فقال رسول الله ص: ما هذه! قالت له: بأبي أنت و أمي يا رسول الله
همني أمرك في خروجك إلى خيبر، فإني علمتهم رجالا جلدا، و هذا حمل كان لي
ربيته أعده كالولد لي، و علمت أن أحب الطعام إليك الشواء، و أحب الشواء
إليك الذراع، فنذرت لله لئن [سلمك الله منهم لأذبحنه- و لأطعمنك من شواء
ذراعه، و الآن فقد] سلمك الله منهم و أظفرك بهم، فجئت بهذا لأفي بنذري. و
كان مع رسول الله ص البراء بن معرور و علي بن أبي طالب ع، فقال رسول الله
ص: ائتوا بخبز. فأتي به فمد البراء بن معرور يده- و أخذ منه لقمة فوضعها
في فيه. فقال له علي بن أبي طالب ع: يا براء لا تتقدم [على] رسول الله
ص. فقال له البراء و كان أعرابيا-: يا علي كأنك تبخل رسول الله ص! فقال
علي ع: ما أبخل رسول الله ص، و لكني أبجله و أوقره، ليس لي و لا لك و لا
لأحد من خلق الله- أن يتقدم رسول الله ص بقول، و لا فعل، و لا أكل و لا
شرب. فقال البراء: ما أبخل رسول الله ص. فقال علي ع: ما لذلك قلت، و لكن
هذا جاءت به هذه و كانت يهودية، و لسنا نعرف حالها، فإذا أكلته بأمر رسول
الله ص فهو الضامن لسلامتك منه، و إذا أكلته بغير إذنه وكلت إلى نفسك.
يقول علي ع هذا و البراء يلوك اللقمة- إذ أنطق الله الذراع فقالت: يا
رسول الله لا تأكلني فإني مسمومة- و سقط البراء في سكرات الموت، و لم
يرفع إلا ميتا. فقال رسول الله ص: ايتوني بالمرأة. فأتي بها، فقال لها:
ما حملك على ما صنعت فقالت: وترتني وترا عظيما: قتلت أبي و عمي و أخي و
زوجي و ابني- ففعلت هذا و قلت: إن كان ملكا فسأنتقم منه، و إن كان نبيا
كما يقول، و قد وعد فتح مكة و النصر و الظفر، فسيمنعه الله و يحفظه منه و
لن يضره. فقال رسول الله ص: أيتها المرأة لقد صدقت. ثم قال لها رسول الله
ص: لا يضرك موت البراء فإنما امتحنه الله لتقدمه بين يدي رسول الله ص و
لو كان بأمر رسول الله أكل منه لكفى شره و سمه. ثم قال رسول الله ص: ادع
لي فلانا [و فلانا] و ذكر قوما من خيار أصحابه- منهم سلمان و المقداد و
عمار و صهيب و أبو ذر و بلال و قوم من سائر الصحابة تمام عشرة و علي ع
حاضر معهم. فقال ص: اقعدوا و تحلقوا عليه. فوضع رسول الله ص يده على
الذراع المسمومة و نفث عليه، و قال: « [بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمنِ
الرَّحِيمِ] بسم الله الشافي، بسم الله الكافي، بسم الله المعافي، بسم
الله الذي لا يضر مع اسمه شيء، و لا داء- في الأرض، و لا في السماء وَ
هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ». ثم قال ص: كلوا على اسم الله. فأكل رسول
الله ص، و أكلوا حتى شبعوا، ثم شربوا عليه الماء، ثم أمر بها فحبست. فلما
كان في اليوم الثاني جيء بها- فقال ص: أ ليس هؤلاء أكلوا [ذلك] السم
بحضرتك فكيف رأيت دفع الله عن نبيه و صحابته فقالت: يا رسول الله كنت إلى
الآن في نبوتك شاكة، و الآن فقد أيقنت أنك رسول الله ص حقا، فأنا أشهد أن
لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له، و أنك عبده و رسوله [حقا] و حسن
إسلامها.
[Hadeeth of poisonous cooked ship talking with the holy prophet
--peace be upon him and his household:]
The holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- when he came
back from Kheybar to Medinah and he had won the war in the will of
Allah, came in a Jewish woman and pretended like stated that she has
converted to Islam, and with her was a poisonous [cooked] sheep that
put it in front of him. The holy prophet asked: what's this? She
answered: my father and mother be sacrificed for you o apostle of
Allah, your exist toward Kheybar worried me as I knew them as being
strong, and this sheep I grew it up like my kids, and I found out that
the best meal that you like is sheep, so I vowed for the sake of Allah
that if Allah will keep you safe I will slaughter this and cook it for
you and now I have done it. And were there with the holy prophet
--peace be upon him and his household-- Al-Baraa' ibn ma3rur and Ali ibn Abi-talib --peace be upon him--, thus the apostle of Allah --peace
be upon him-- said: bring to us bread, so bread was brought, then
Baraa' ibn Ma3rur extended his hand and took from it a morsel. So Ali
ibn Abi-talib --peace be upon him-- said to him: O Baraa' do not begin
before the apostle of Allah --peace be upon him and his household. So
said Baraa': O Ali it seems that you think the apostle of Allah is a
miser!? So answered Ali --peace be upon him: I don't think him be
miser, but know him as great and respect him, neither me nor you nor
any creature of Allah should begin before him in speech and deed and
eating and drinking. So stated Baraa': I do not think the apostle of
Allah --peace be upon him and his household-- be miser. So stated Ali
--peace be upon him: I din't say what I said in that regard, but this sheep has been brought by this woman who has been a Jew and we do not
know her how she is. So if you eat after he allows you he guarantees
for you your health and if you eat without his permission you eat with
your own guarantee. Ali --peace be upon him-- was saying this and
Baraa' was chewing the morsel in his mouth that suddenly Allah made
the sheep talk and it said: O apostle of Allah do not eat me as I have
been poisonous, and Baraa' fell into the stupor of death, and he was
dead when was lifted. Then said the apostle of Allah --peace be upon
him and his household: bring her to me. So they brought her to him. He
asked her: why did you do that? She said: you oppressed me a huge
oppression, you killed my father and my uncle and my brother and my
husband and my son so I did such and said to myself if he is a king
this way I will take revenge from him and if he is a prophet as he
claims, then he has been given good tidings about the conquest of
Mecca and victory so that Allah will prevent him from the meal and
will protect him against it and he will not be injured. So stated the
apostle of Allah --peace be upon him: O woman you told the truth, then
he added that the death of Baraa' is not upto you, it is truth and
noway false that Allah examined him about surpassing the apostle of
Allah and if he was to eat by the command of the apostle of Allah
certainly Allah was protecting him from the meal and its poison. Then
said the apostle of Allah --peace be upon him and his household-- that
call toward him some of his best companions among whom were Salmaan
and Meqdaad and Amaar and Sohayb and Abudhar and Bilal and a group of
other companions altogether they were 10 and Ali --peace be upon him--
was among them. So he said --peace be upon him and his household: Sit
down around this meal. Then he put down his hand over the poisonous
sheep and blew over it and said: "In the name of Allah the most
Gracious the most Merciful, in the name of Allah the Healer, in the
name of Allah the Sufficient, in the name of Allah the Pardoner, in
the name of Allah with whose name nothing does hurt and no disease in
Earth nor in heaven, and He is the Hearer the Knower". Then after he
said --peace be upon him and his household: eat in the name of Allah,
and the apostle of Allah --peace be upon him and his household-- ate
and they all ate until they were filled, then drank water on it, then
ordered the woman to be imprisoned. The next day she was brought to
him that he said --peace be upon him and his household: didn't these
people eat poison in your presence? So how did you find that Allah
protected His prophet and his companions? She said: O apostle of Allah
till now I was in doubt about your prophecy and now I have made sure
that it is true and noway false that you are the true apostle of
Allah, thus I confess that no god exist with Allah, He is unique and
has no partner, and that is true and noway false that you are His
servant and apostle rightly, and her Islam became good.
This story states that the meal was indeed poisoned and that the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- ate from that poisonous meal together with some best of his companions (note that none of them scared even slightly after they assure the meal is certainly poisonous and the poison is strong enough to kill the person very shortly, and they just obeyed the apostle of Allah, and quite clear from the Hadeeth that they were selectively chosen among all the companions of the holy prophet) but they were all in the protection of Allah.
The story of the Jewish woman providing a poisonous meal is thus very similar to the story of Belqays from Yemen sending a precious gift to Solomon --peace be upon him-- to check if he is merely a ruler or a prophet of God, and if he was a king they had plan to attack them and kill him! You can find this in [27:35].
That the holy prophet --peace be upon him-- introduced the death of Baraa' a will of Allah due to him surpassing the apostle of Allah --peace be upon him-- is very much like what we read in a part of صلوات شعبانیة recommended for reading during the month of Sha3baan:
اَللّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلى مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ شَجَرَةِ
النُّبُوَّةِ، وَمَوْضِعِ الرِّسالَةِ، وَمُخْتَلَفِ الْمَلائِکَةِ
وَمَعْدِنِ الْعِلْمِ، وَاَهْلِ بَیْتِ الْوَحْىِ اَللّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلى
مُحَمَّدٍ و آلمُحَمَّدٍ الْفُلْکِ الْجارِیَةِ، فِى اللُّجَجِ
الْغامِرَةِ، یَأْمَنُ مَنْ رَکِبَها، وَیَغْرَقُ مَنْ تَرَکَهَا،
الْمُتَقَدِّمُ لَهُمْ مارِقٌ، وَالْمُتَاَخِّرُ عَنْهُمْ زاهِقٌ
وَالّلازِمُ لَهُمْلاحِقٌ،
O’ Allah! Bestow Your blessing on Muhammad and his progeny-the tree of
prophet hood and the afrode of Your Messages, the place of visits of
the angels, the mine of Your Knowledge and the people of the Holy
House of revelation.
O` Allah I Bestow Your blessing on Mohammad and his progeny who are a
boat sailing in the deep waters of fathomless sea. Safe is he who
boarded it and drowned is he who discarded it. Those who went ahead
of them were misled and those legged behind them were ruined and those
who adhered to them were united with them.
Anyway, such a story is by no means strange as two similar stories happened that this time I only bring the Arabic version of their Ahadeeth for the sake of brevity and their contents are somewhat like the story just told above, although these times the poison in meal was intentional to kill the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- due to hypocrisy of Abdullah ibn Ubayy and his group and not due to a doubt in his prophecy:
source: التفسير المنسوب إلى الإمام الحسن العسكري عليه السلام، ص:
190-194
وَ أَمَّا قَلْبُ اللَّهِ السَّمَّ عَلَى الْيَهُودِ الَّذِينَ قَصَدُوهُ
[بِهِ] وَ أَهْلَكَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِهِ- فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص
لَمَّا ظَهَرَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ اشْتَدَّ حَسَدُ «ابْنِ أُبَيٍّ» لَهُ،
فَدَبَّرَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَحْفِرَ لَهُ حَفِيرَةًفِي مَجْلِسٍ مِنْ
مَجَالِسِ دَارِهِ، وَ يَبْسُطَ فَوْقَهَا بِسَاطاً، وَ يَنْصِبَ فِي
أَسْفَلِ الْحَفِيرَةِ أَسِنَّةَ رِمَاحٍ وَ نَصَبَ سَكَاكِينَ
مَسْمُومَةً، وَ شَدَّ أَحَدَ جَوَانِبِ الْبِسَاطِ وَ الْفِرَاشِ إِلَى
الْحَائِطِ لِيَدْخُلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَ خَوَاصُّهُ مَعَ عَلِيٍّ ع،
فَإِذَا وَضَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص رِجْلَهُ عَلَى الْبِسَاطِ وَقَعَ فِي
الْحَفِيرَةِ، وَ كَانَ قَدْ نَصَبَ فِي دَارِهِ، وَ خَبَأَ رِجَالًا
بِسُيُوفٍ مَشْهُورَةٍ يَخْرُجُونَ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ ع وَ مَنْ مَعَهُ-
عِنْدَ وُقُوعِ مُحَمَّدٍ ص فِي الْحَفِيرَةِ فَيَقْتُلُونَهُمْ بِهَا وَ
دَبَّرَ أَنَّهُ إِنْ لَمْ يَنْشَطْ لِلْقُعُودِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ
الْبِسَاطِ- أَنْ يُطْعِمُوهُ مِنْ طَعَامِهِمُ الْمَسْمُومِ لِيَمُوتَ
هُوَ وَ أَصْحَابُهُ مَعَهُ جَمِيعاً. فَجَاءَهُ جَبْرَئِيلُ ع وَ
أَخْبَرَهُ بِذَلِكَ، وَ قَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُكَ أَنْ
تَقْعُدَ حَيْثُ يُقْعِدُكَ وَ تَأْكُلَ مِمَّا يُطْعِمُكَ، فَإِنَّهُ
مُظْهِرٌ عَلَيْكَ آيَاتِهِ، وَ مُهْلِكٌ أَكْثَرَ مَنْ تَوَاطَأَ عَلَى
ذَلِكَ فِيكَ. فَدَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَ قَعَدَ عَلَى
الْبِسَاطِ، وَ قَعَدُوا عَنْ يَمِينِهِ وَ شِمَالِهِ وَ حَوَالَيْهِ، وَ
لَمْ يَقَعْ فِي الْحَفِيرَةِ، فَتَعَجَّبَ ابْنُ أُبَيٍّ وَ نَظَرَ،
فَإِذَا قَدْ صَارَ مَا تَحْتَ الْبِسَاطِ أَرْضاً مُلْتَئِمَةً. وَ
أَتَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص وَ عَلِيّاً ع وَ صَحْبَهُمَا بِالطَّعَامِ
الْمَسْمُومِ، فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَضْعَ يَدِهِ فِي
الطَّعَامِ- قَالَ: يَا عَلِيُّ ارْقِ هَذَا الطَّعَامَ
بِالرُّقْيَةِ النَّافِعَةِ. فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ ع: «بِسْمِ اللَّهِ
الشَّافِي، بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الْكَافِي، بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الْمُعَافِي،
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا يَضُرُّ مَعَ اسْمِهِ شَيْءٌ [وَ لَا دَاءٌ]
فِي الْأَرْضِ وَ لَا فِي السَّمَاءِ، وَ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ».
ثُمَّ أَكَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص وَ عَلِيٌّ ع وَ مَنْ مَعَهُمَا حَتَّى
شَبِعُوا. ثُمَّ جَاءَ أَصْحَابُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ وَ
خَوَاصُّهُ، فَأَكَلُوا فَضَلَاتِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص وَ صَحْبِهِ،
ظَنّاً مِنْهُمْ أَنَّهُ قَدْ غَلِطَ وَ لَمْ يَجْعَلْ فِيهِ سَمّاً
لَمَّا رَأَوْا مُحَمَّداً وَ صَحْبَهُ لَمْ يُصِبْهُمْ مَكْرُوهٌ. وَ
جَاءَتْ بِنْتُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْمَجْلِسِ-
الْمَحْفُورِ تَحْتَهُ، الْمَنْصُوبِ فِيهِ مَا نُصِبَ، وَ هِيَ كَانَتْ
دَبَّرَتْ ذَلِكَ، وَ نَظَرَتْ فَإِذَا مَا تَحْتَ الْبِسَاطِ أَرْضٌ
مُلْتَئِمَةٌ، فَجَلَسَتْ عَلَى الْبِسَاطِ وَاثِقَةً، فَأَعَادَ اللَّهُ
الْحَفِيرَةَ بِمَا فِيهَا فَسَقَطَتْ فِيهَا- وَ هَلَكَتْ فَوَقَعَتِ
الصَّيْحَةُ. فَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُبَيٍّ: إِيَّاكُمْ [وَ] أَنْ
تَقُولُوا إِنَّهَا سَقَطَتْ فِي الْحَفِيرَةِ، فَيَعْلَمَ مُحَمَّدٌ مَا
كُنَّا دَبَّرْنَاهُ عَلَيْهِ. فَبَكَوْا [وَ قَالُوا:] مَاتَتِ
الْعَرُوسُ- وَ بِعِلَّةِ عُرْسِهَا كَانُوا دَعَوْا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ص
وَ مَاتَ الْقَوْمُ الَّذِينَ أَكَلُوا فَضْلَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص.
فَسَأَلَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَنْ سَبَبِ مَوْتِ الِابْنَةِ وَ الْقَوْمِ
فَقَالَ ابْنُ أُبَيٍّ: سَقَطَتْ مِنَ السَّطْحِ، وَ لَحِقَ الْقَوْمُ
تُخَمَةً. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص: [اللَّهُ] أَعْلَمُ بِمَا ذَا
مَاتُوا. وَ تَغَافَلَ عَنْهُمْ .
[نَظِيرُ الْمُعْجِزَةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ لِعَلِيٍّ ع:]
قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ ع وَ كَانَ نَظِيرُهَا لِعَلِيِّ بْنِ
أَبِي طَالِبٍ ع مَعَ جَدِّ بْنِ قَيْسٍ وَ كَانَ تَالِيَ عَبْدِ
اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ فِي النِّفَاقِ، كَمَا أَنَّ عَلِيّاً تَالِي
رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ص فِي الْكَمَالِ وَ الْجَمَالِ وَ الْجَلَالِ. وَ
تَفَرَّدَ جَدٌّ مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ بَعْدَ هَذِهِ
الْقِصَّةِ الَّتِي سَلَّمَ اللَّهُ مِنْهَا مُحَمَّداً وَ صَحْبَهُ- وَ
قَلَبَهَا عَلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ
مُحَمَّداً ص مَاهِرٌ بِالسِّحْرِ، وَ لَيْسَ عَلِيٌّ ع كَمِثْلِهِ،
فَاتَّخِذْ أَنْتَ يَا جَدُّ لِعَلِيٍّ دَعْوَةً- بَعْدَ أَنْ
تَتَقَدَّمَ فِي تَنْبِيشِ أَصْلِ حَائِطِ بُسْتَانِكَ، ثُمَّ يَقِفُ
رِجَالٌ خَلْفَ الْحَائِطِ- بِخَشَبٍ يَعْتَمِدُونَ بِهَا عَلَى
الْحَائِطِ، وَ يَدْفَعُونَهُ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ ع [وَ مَنْ مَعَهُ]
لِيَمُوتُوا تَحْتَهُ. فَجَلَسَ عَلِيٌّ ع تَحْتَ الْحَائِطِ
فَتَلَقَّاهُ بِيُسْرَاهُ وَ دَفَعَهُ وَ كَانَ الطَّعَامُ بَيْنَ
أَيْدِيهِمْ فَقَالَ عَلِيٌّ ع: كُلُوا بِسْمِ اللَّهِ. وَ جَعَلَ
يَأْكُلُ مَعَهُمْ حَتَّى أَكَلُوا وَ فَرَغُوا، وَ هُوَ يُمْسِكُ
الْحَائِطَ بِشِمَالِهِ- وَ الْحَائِطُ ثَلَاثُونَ ذِرَاعاً طُولُهُ- فِي
خَمْسَةَ [عَشَرَ] ذِرَاعاً سَمْكَةً، فِي ذِرَاعَيْنِ غِلْظَةً-
فَجَعَلَ أَصْحَابُ عَلِيٍّ ع وَ هُمْ يَأْكُلُونَ- يَقُولُونَ: يَا
أَخَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أَ فَتُحَامِي هَذَا وَ [أَنْتَ] تَأْكُلُ
فَإِنَّكَ تَتْعَبُ فِي حَبْسِكَ هَذَا الْحَائِطَ عَنَّا. فَقَالَ
عَلِيٌّ ع: إِنِّي لَسْتُ أَجِدُ لَهُ مِنَ الْمَسِّ بِيَسَارِي- إِلَّا
أَقَلَّ مِمَّا أَجِدُهُ مِنْ ثِقْلِ هَذِهِ اللُّقْمَةِ بِيَمِينِي. وَ
هَرَبَ جَدُّ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَ خَشِيَ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَلِيٌّ قَدْ مَاتَ وَ
صَحْبُهُ، وَ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً يَطْلُبُهُ لِيَنْتَقِمَ مِنْهُ، وَ
اخْتَبَأَ عِنْدَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيٍّ، فَبَلَغَهُمْ أَنَّ
عَلِيّاً قَدْ أَمْسَكَ الْحَائِطَ بِيَسَارِهِ وَ هُوَ يَأْكُلُ
بِيَمِينِهِ، وَ أَصْحَابُهُ تَحْتَ الْحَائِطِ لَمْ يَمُوتُوا. فَقَالَ
أَبُو الشُّرُورِ وَ أَبُو الدَّوَاهِي- اللَّذَانِ كَانَا أَصْلَ
التَّدْبِيرِ فِي ذَلِكَ: إِنَّ عَلِيّاً قَدْ مَهَرَ بِسِحْرِ مُحَمَّدٍ
فَلَا سَبِيلَ لَنَا عَلَيْهِ. فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ الْقَوْمُ مَالَ عَلِيٌّ
ع عَلَى الْحَائِطِ بِيَسَارِهِ فَأَقَامَهُ وَ سَوَّاهُ، وَ رَأَبَ
صَدْعَهُ، وَ لَأَمَ شَعْبَهُ، وَ خَرَجَ هُوَ وَ الْقَوْمُ «2»
فَلَمَّا رَآهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ص. قَالَ [لَهُ]: يَا أَبَا الْحَسَنِ
ضَاهَيْتَ الْيَوْمَ أَخِيَ الْخَضِرَ لَمَّا أَقَامَ الْجِدَارَ، وَ مَا
سَهَّلَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ إِلَّا بِدُعَائِهِ بِنَا أَهْلَ الْبَيْت
Also there are Ahadeeth in the Sunni books which state the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- never ate from that poisonous meal and such Ahadeeth are also available even from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim which are considered by the Sunni brothers as most authentic books after Qur'aan (and Shia brothers do not agree upon this at all, for clarification):
When Khaibar was conquered, a roasted poisoned sheep was presented to
the Prophets as a gift (by the Jews). The Prophet ordered, "Let all
the Jews who have been here, be assembled before me." The Jews were
collected and the Prophet said (to them), "I am going to ask you a
question. Will you tell the truth?'' They said, "Yes.' The Prophet
asked, "Who is your father?" They replied, "So-and-so." He said, "You
have told a ie; your father is so-and-so." They said, "You are right."
He siad, "Will you now tell me the truth, if I ask you about
something?" They replied, "Yes, O AbuAl-Qasim; and if we should tell a
lie, you can realize our lie as you have done regarding our father."
On that he asked, "Who are the people of the (Hell) Fire?" They said,
"We shall remain in the (Hell) Fire for a short period, and after that
you will replace us." The Prophet said, "You may be cursed and
humiliated in it! By Allah, we shall never replace you in it.'' Then
he asked, "Will you now tell me the truth if I ask you a question?"
They said, "Yes, O Ab Li-AI-Qasim." He asked, "Have you poisoned this
sheep?" They said, "Yes." He asked, "What made you do so?" They said,
"We wanted to know if you were a liar in which case we would get rid
of you, and if you are a prophet then the poison would not harm you."
[Sahih Bukhari: volume 4, book 53, number 394] and [Sahih Bukhari: Volume 7, Book 71, Number 669] both narrated by Abu Huraireh
in other Ahadeeth narrated from Anas bin Malik, a Jewess brought to the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- a poisoned meat, the holy prophet accepted the gift and ate from it and got poisoned, as @ashes999 has used one of these Ahadeeth in his answer, however, no time is accounted for in such Ahadeeth:
Anas reported that a jewess came to Allah's Messenger (may peace be
upon him) with poisoned mutton and he took of that what had been
brought to him (Allah's Messenger). (When the effect of this poison
were felt by him) he called for her and asked her about that,
whereupon she said: I had determined to kill you. Thereupon he said:
Allah will never give you the power to do it. He (the narrator) said
that they (the Companion's of the Holy Prophet) said: Should we not
kill her? Thereupon he said: No. He (Anas) said: I felt (the affects
of this poison) on the uvula of Aitah's Messenger. [Sahih Muslim:
Book 026, Hadith 5430]
Anas b. Malik reported that a jewess brought poisoned meat and then
served it to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) [Sahih Muslim:
Book 026, Hadith 5431]
A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet who ate
from it. She was brought to the Prophet and he was asked, "Shall we
kill her?" He said, "No." I continued to see the effect of the poison
on the palate of the mouth of Allah's Apostle. [Sahih Bukhari: Volume 3, Book
47, Number 786]
that if such stories address the conquest of the Khaybar then they are telling the same story as Shia Muslims believe in as well with the exception that we do not believe the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- has got poisoned from that meat, he ate and remained protected. This is more rational as in the above Ahadeeth you see the holy prophet prevented the Jewess being executed, because she had not poisoned the apostle of Allah --peace be upon him and his household-- so even she was not forced to eat from the same meat (in which case she was certainly killed)!
Also there are some Ahadeeth from Ayesha that once she said the holy prophet passed away due to the poisoned meat of the Jewish woman, and once she says that he passed away due to pleurisy while in another Hadeeth herself has quoted from the holy prophet that he will not ever catch such an illness, some references for these from Sunni books has been cited in this link.
Sunni brothers may justify these contradicting Ahadeeth as either mistakes or that some of such Ahadeeth are fabricated and weak, I don't know, however, according to Shia Islam that I am only partially aware of its position about different issues Ayesha's quotations in this regard are not credible at all as she is one of the main accused persons in the event that caused the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- passing away, and by this I am referring to the verse [66:3] of the Qur'aan, see here for addressing the issue with some more details. In short, the holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- told a secret to one of his wives to make her happy but also told her not to pass the secret to anyone else, but she informed of the secret his father Umar and Umar informed Abu Bakr for him to ask Ayesha about its authenticity. Gabriel --peace be upon him-- informed the holy prophet --peace be upon him-- about the secret being divulged and the plan that those four draw in mind to advance the event they had been given a good tidings about. The holy prophet --peace be upon him and his household-- however only made his wife to understand that he knows the secret has been divulged but remained silence about their plan and pretend as he doesn't know anything, not because he was pleased about it but because Ahlul Bayt are those about whom people had been, are and will be examined, as it is also stated in the following cut of the Ziyarat Jame3e Kabirah of Imam Hadi:
أَنْتُمُ الصِّرَاطُ الْأَقْوَمُ [السَّبِيلُ الْأَعْظَمُ] وَ شُهَدَاءُ
دَارِ الْفَنَاءِ وَ شُفَعَاءُ دَارِ الْبَقَاءِ وَ الرَّحْمَةُ
الْمَوْصُولَةُ وَ الْآيَةُ الْمَخْزُونَةُ وَ الْأَمَانَةُ
الْمَحْفُوظَةُ وَ الْبَابُ الْمُبْتَلَى بِهِ النَّاسُ مَنْ أَتَاكُمْ
نَجَا وَ مَنْ لَمْ يَأْتِكُمْ هَلَكَ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَدْعُونَ وَ
عَلَيْهِ تَدُلُّونَ وَ بِهِ تُؤْمِنُونَ وَ لَهُ تُسَلِّمُونَ وَ
بِأَمْرِهِ تَعْمَلُونَ وَ إِلَى سَبِيلِهِ تُرْشِدُونَ وَ بِقَوْلِهِ
تَحْكُمُونَ سَعِدَ مَنْ وَالاكُمْ وَ هَلَكَ مَنْ عَادَاكُمْ وَ خَابَ
مَنْ جَحَدَكُمْ وَ ضَلَّ مَنْ فَارَقَكُمْ وَ فَازَ مَنْ تَمَسَّكَ
بِكُمْ وَ أَمِنَ مَنْ لَجَأَ إِلَيْكُمْ وَ سَلِمَ مَنْ صَدَّقَكُمْ وَ
هُدِيَ مَنِ اعْتَصَمَ بِكُمْ
You [o Ahlul Bayt] are the strongest bridge [the most righteous way],
and the witnesses of the mortal house and the pleaders of the eternal
house, and the continuous blessing and the stored sign and the well
guarded trust, and the door that people are examined about it, whoever
that comes to you will survive and whoever that doesn't come to you
will perish, toward Allah you invite and toward Him you reason, and to
Him you believe and for Him you are submitted, and His command you
obey in action and to His way you conduct and according to His
statement you rule and judge, got lucky one who liked [and obeyed] you
and became spoiled one who felt of ill-will and did animosity against
you, and lost the benefits one who denied you and got lost and became
misguided one who took his way far from you, and attained the highest
achievement one who resorted to you and became safe one who sought in
you for refuge, and got in peace who confirmed you and is truly guided
who came into your guardianship.
and a similar saying has been reached to us from Imam Hussain --peace be upon him-- in Karbala, as already stated here: "we are those about whom people are examined". Shia believe that Ayesha failed in this examination due to what they believe about her intentions and actions during the War of the Camel and subsequently.
At the end I can only hope that the Sunni Muslims will not find this answer preconceived and biased.
